OET听力口语福利－episodenbsp;1

2015-11-20 04:25:21 | 来源：新浪微博 | 投稿：butterfly齐家屠鸭吃天下 | 编辑：小柯

原标题：OET听力口语福利－episodenbsp;1

最近群里大家都在讨论如何准备英语考试，尤其是OET考试。一直以来大家都在问觉得OET的听力好难，希望我能推荐一些练习和提高的材料。其实从一开始我就给大家推荐一档澳洲本土的医学节目，叫做HealthReport，我当时准备OET考试时就是听这档节目。刚开始听也觉得比较吃力，但是经过练习（用节目做notestaking），经过考试，经过工作，现在再来听，就感觉很轻松了，所以说都是一个量变到质变的过程。这款节目中涉及很多医学词汇，却并不晦涩，因为听众也面对澳洲大众，所以还是非常浅显易懂，并且非常地道，关键是全免费啊，个人觉得对于OET的听力及口语准备可以说是最好的材料，再问一万遍有什幺推荐的我也是推荐这个。但是很多孩子都反应感觉还是太难，首先我想说，这个关一定要过，如果你不练，永远不会进步，练，就一定会一天比一天好。另外就是一定要坚持！持之以恒才能见效果。我是个特别爱瞎操心的人，所以我决定给爱学习的孩子开个小灶，帮助大家一起学习OET听力和口语。我会不定期挑一期节目内容，大家要自己听录音，反复听，我的角色是摘出文章中大家在国外学习工作时常见常用的好词好句（highlight），对一些用法做一些简单讲解。但是我大部分都不会给出中文意思，因为如果你认识，你自然不需要，如果你不认识我希望你可以去查，因为经过自己的查询与实践，才会记得更牢固。另外希望大家养成用英文来解释英文的习惯，因为不管是你今后跟病人解释病情治疗还是做各种演讲，你都是用英文而不是中文。

今天的内容是最新一期，这期有三小段，其中这个讲食管癌的对话，两个人的语速都比较慢，说话也很清楚，所以作为给大家的练习材料。但是！大家先听音频，一定要反复听！然后再来学习一些我给大家精选的内容。

音频链接

https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pg1dGoLPP6?play=true

Over the last couple of years on the HealthReport we've covered research which suggests that the rapidrise in one of the deadliest tumours, oesophageal cancer, theoesophagus being the gullet that connects our mouth to our stomach,is due to the same virus which causes cervical cancer and is linkedto the current epidemic of throat cancer in men, namely the humanpapilloma virus. Of course there is a vaccine for HPV which couldmean we might be able to prevent oesophageal cancer. Let's just sitback for a moment, because a paper in the International Journalof Cancer calls this idea into question, and in fact they thinkthey've demolished it. The lead order is Freddy Sitas who is at theSchool of Public Health at the University of Sydney and he's in ourSydney studios now. Welcome Freddy.

在这一段里我想提到的：医学词汇的变形记，Oesophageal为形容词，oesophagus为名词，其实在医学词汇中，这样的例子简直数不胜数，可以说这就是医学词汇的精华所在。再给大家几个简单的例子，比如这段里就有的cervical，名词形式是cervix。再比如，名词形式是intestine，如果变为形容词形式就是intestinal了。医学的词根词缀，博大精深，有机会再详细给大家讲解。

这段里一些可以用在写作或今后essay里的地道词组：isdue to，islinked to，namely，这几个非常地道的用法不学到自己口袋里简直白瞎你这个人儿了，想当年我写论文时这些连接词也是霸道的存在啊。这几个词想必大家都眼熟，真的需要好好掌握，还不知道如何用的孩子请自己好好查查，因为我相信大家自己查到的结果会印象更深。

Freddy Sitas: Hi Norman.

Norman Swan: We should just start off by saying there's two typesof oesophageal cancer, squamous and adenocarcinoma, and we aretalking about squamous, and that's very common around theworld.

这里的两个分类，squamous和adenocarcinoma，就是老生常谈的鳞癌和腺癌，中文言简意赅的词语到了英文怎幺就这幺复杂，尤其是那个腺癌。其实这里也是有规律可循的adeno-是个前缀，可以理解为腺－比如adenoid，“腺的”，而carcinoma就是“癌”的名词，所以连起来就是腺癌。

Freddy Sitas: That's right, about 80% of the world's oesophagealcancers are squamous cell cancers.

Norman Swan: And you have now done two papers looking at the HPVlink. What made you think…just like the question I asked earlier ofKatherine, what made you think that HPV might be causing that tostart off with?

Freddy Sitas: Well, it's about a 30-year-oldstory where there was evidence from cows that they had cowpapilloma viruses causing cancer of the gullet or whatever theequivalent organ is in a cow. And so by analogy some people havefelt, well, if these viruses cause something in cows, they might bedoing something in humans as well. And there's been a number ofstudies using early markers showing HPV in the oesophagus, so thestory got built up from there and there's about a 30-year storybuilding up on that evidence.

这里的twopapers指发表的论文。Buildup，很形象的词，如果说胸腔积液或血胸后液体在chestcavity积累起来也可以说buildup

Norman Swan: So you tested it out a few years ago to start offwith.

Freddy Sitas: Yes, we did one of those studies and it was a smallbad study, as we call them, and we found a signal and we wanted tofollow it up, and so we gathered together 10 different countries tolook at…each one of those countries had a study already inoesophageal cancer with controls that didn't have it, and wecompared an array of signals that related to HPV, andbasically we had 4,500 people and the answer was wholly negative.That was the first report.

对于实验不成功用negative，theresult is/the outcome is negative。记得最近上映的漫威电影“蚁人”里，那个大反派在做羊缩小实验失败后说的也是“negative”

Norman Swan: And you were criticisedfor that because you didn't do the testing the way people wouldhave liked you to have done it.

Freddy Sitas: Yes, these assays are tricky andthey…

Norman Swan: An assay being a test.

Freddy Sitas: A test, a laboratory test is a tricky one for HPVbecause it tells you that you've had a past history of infectionsomewhere in the past, it doesn't tell you which organ it was at,and so we had to take it a step further. So we found what wascalled tumour blocks, which are bits of tumour that are collectedfrom the patient and stored in a block of wax. So we got 300 ofthose. And again, we looked at the same model as we would use forcancer of the cervix, to say, well, if this virus causes cancer ofthe oesophagus, the same process has to happen as it does in cancerof the cervix. So we looked at some markers, including what'scalled RNA, which are the little soldiers in the cell that march upand down and make proteins from instructions from the HPV virus.And we didn't find any, we just found one out of those 300. And soour conclusion was that after seven years of work, that we arewasting our time from now on.

Norman Swan: Which is a shame because it means the vaccine can'tprevent it.

Freddy Sitas: That's right, and I think it's important to havethese negative studies every now and againbecause cancer of the oesophagus affects about 400,000 cases,there's about 400,000 deaths of cancer of the oesophagus worldwide,and there's around 400,000, 500,000 deaths from cancer of thecervix. So the potential is huge, but it just didn't turn out to beso.

Shame是常用的表示遗憾的词，而不是表面意思“耻辱”。比如朋友邀请你去聚会，你说有事去不了，她可能会说，Oh,what a shame！是指太遗憾了，而不是说你可耻哦…

Norman Swan: So what does cause the squamous cell carcinoma whichis very common in developingcountries and middle incomecountries?

Freddy Sitas: There's been a number of studies showing that smokingand alcohol in combination, the combination is worse. So that'sbeen known for a while. But there has always been thesegeographical differences across the world. For example, in placeslike the Caspian Sea, people don't drink alcohol but they have veryhigh rates. In China, women don't smoke much but they have veryhigh rates. So there was always this look-out for a factor X whichwas unknown.

FactorX常用词，就是指未知。

Norman Swan: Which could be an infection.

Freddy Sitas: Yes, it could be an infection.

Norman Swan: In the couple of minutes that is left to us, thisisn't the kind of cancer that's most dominant in Australia andwhich is growing rapidly, adenocarcinoma, and which research, whichis what we've covered on the Health Report before, doessuggest, admittedly from small studies, that HPV is involved. Andit does make sense because in countries like Australia there isthis epidemic of HPV associated throatcancer, particularly inmen. What can you say, if anything, about adenocarcinoma, which isof concern to Australians?

Associated，particularly都是很经典的写作用词，要学习使用。

Freddy Sitas: I think we've got to move from small studies to doingsome big good ones and involving some of the best labs in theworld. We were very lucky to be involved withthe German Cancer Research Centre, they discovered the HPV virusthere, they've got a fantastic laboratory where they can test forthese soldiers, if you like, that are in the cell machinery. Ithink it's important to take these studies to another level and dosome big good studies to show whether or not HPV is involved in thatparticular cancer.

Beinvolved是个很地道很好用的词组，

Norman Swan: Otherwise we'll just have to wait and see whether 20years from now we see a reduction in oesophagealcancer.

Freddy Sitas: That's right, the vaccine will show up some cancersthat we are unaware of that come down and we might be able toattribute them to the HPV vaccine.

Norman Swan: Freddy, thank you very much for joiningus.

Freddy Sitas: Thank you Norman.

Norman Swan: Freddy Sitas who is at the School of Public Health atthe University of Sydney.

今天你还必须掌握的单词

Tumours

Oesophageal

Gullet

Cervical

Squamous

Adenocarcinoma

Cervix

Geographical